The term "indemnity clause" often raises questions and concerns for small businesses. What exactly does an indemnity clause provide? Are they enforceable? How do you review and write one? This article aims to shed light on these important questions, ensuring that you have a firm grasp of this concept and its significance in commercial contracts.
What does an indemnity clause in a contract provide?
An indemnity clause is a contractual provision that requires one party (the indemnitor) to compensate another party (the indemnitee) for specified losses, costs or expenses incurred by the indemnitee because of certain events or actions.
It serves as a form of contractual protection for the indemnitee against the potential financial consequences of liability arising from the event or action occurring. Some key components of an indemnity clause typically include:
- Scope of the indemnity
- Types of losses
- Liability cap
1. Scope of the indemnity
This specifies the circumstances under which the indemnity will be triggered. It could encompass a range of scenarios, such as breach of contract, negligence or third-party claims.
2. Types of losses
The clause defines the types of losses, costs, and expenses subject to indemnification. These may include legal fees, damages and other liabilities.
3. Liability cap
To limit the potential financial exposure of the indemnitor, a liability cap may be included, specifying the maximum amount they are obligated to pay in the event of an indemnity claim arising.
Why are indemnity clauses important?
Indemnity clauses play a vital role in managing risk and ensuring that contractual obligations are fulfilled. They are crucial for several reasons:
- Risk allocation – they allow parties to allocate risk and responsibility in a contract, ensuring that the party best equipped to handle certain risks bears the burden
- Financial protection – indemnity clauses provide financial protection to businesses, shielding them from unexpected and potentially costly events, such as legal disputes or breaches of contract
- Legal clarity – by clearly defining the scope and terms of indemnification, these clauses reduce ambiguity and the likelihood of disputes in the future
Are indemnity clauses enforceable?
Indemnity clauses are a vital component of contracts, but their enforceability hinges on various factors, including the specific wording of the clause and the governing laws. In the United Kingdom, indemnity clauses are subject to legal scrutiny, primarily guided by common law principles and statutory regulations.
Common law principles
Clarity and specificity
UK courts require indemnity clauses to be clear and specific in their terms. Vague or ambiguous language can render a clause unenforceable.
Public policy
Indemnity clauses that contravene public policy or seek to indemnify a party against its own negligence in certain cases may not be upheld in court.
Consumer contracts
In consumer contracts, there is a higher level of protection, and any attempt to impose unfair or one-sided indemnity clauses may be deemed unenforceable.
Relevant legislation
Consumer Rights Act 2015
This legislation provides protection to consumers against unfair contract terms, including indemnity clauses, ensuring that they aren’t disadvantaged by such terms.
Unfair Contract Terms Act 1977
This law applies primarily to business-to-business contracts and acts to limit or prohibit the use of unfair terms, which can extend to certain indemnity clauses. The Act applies the ‘reasonableness test’ to determine whether a certain contractual provision ought to be upheld or deemed void.
Consumer Protection from Unfair Trading Regulations 2008
These regulations prohibit misleading actions and aggressive practices that could impact a consumer's decision to enter into a contract, which may indirectly affect the enforceability of indemnity clauses.
How to review an indemnity clause
Reviewing an indemnity clause is a critical step in contract negotiations. Here are some key considerations when examining this clause:
- Understanding the scope – ensure you understand the situations or events that trigger the indemnity coming into operation
- Assessing the language – pay close attention to the clarity and specificity of the clause (ambiguities can lead to disputes)
- Evaluating the liability cap – check if there is a cap on the indemnitor's liability and assess whether it aligns with the potential risks
- Legal compliance – ensure the indemnity clause complies with UK law and doesn’t violate any public policy principles or statutory regulation
- Negotiation – if the clause seems overly broad or burdensome, consider negotiating with the other party to limit or modify its terms
How to write an indemnity clause
If you're on the other side of the contract and need to draft an indemnity clause, follow these steps:
- Define the parties – clearly identify the indemnitor and indemnitee
- Specify the trigger events – define the circumstances or events that would trigger the indemnity
- Detail types of losses – specify the types of losses, costs, and expenses covered by the indemnity
- Set a liability cap – if desired, establish a maximum amount for the indemnitor's liability
- Seek legal advice – consult with a legal professional to ensure the clause is legally sound and aligns with your business needs
How to invoke an indemnity clause
When a situation arises that triggers the indemnity clause, taking the following steps can help you invoke it effectively:
- Document the event – keep detailed records of the relevant event or circumstances that require you to ‘call in’ the indemnity
- Notify the other party – promptly inform the indemnitor of the situation and your intent to seek indemnity from them
- Provide documentation – furnish any necessary documentation, such as invoices, legal notices, or receipts, to support your claim
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Negotiate if necessary – be prepared for negotiations, as the indemnitor may dispute the claim (seek a resolution through discussions or mediation)
Get legal assistance from LawBite
Indemnity clauses are essential tools in commercial contracts, providing financial protection and clarity in the event of unforeseen circumstances. However, their enforceability depends on various factors, and careful drafting and review are crucial to their effectiveness. You should approach indemnity clauses with diligence and seek legal guidance when needed.
Our team of experienced contract lawyers are here to guide you through the intricacies of contract law, ensuring that your agreements are clear, enforceable and aligned with your business goals. Whether you need to review an existing contract, draft a new one, or need advice on indemnity clauses and other legal matters, we're your trusted partner in navigating the legal landscape.
Discover how we can support your business by booking a free 15 minute consultation or calling us on 020 3808 8314.
